Carl Rogers Essay

Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers Individual Centered Hypothesis Customer Centered versus Individual Centered Customer focused Alluded to Rogers’ way to deal with treatment in which the customer (not the patient) is thought to be liable for changing their character. Customer Centered versus Individual Centered Individual focused Alluded to the Rogerian Hypothesis of Personality. Two Basic Assumptions Developmental Tendency What's more, Realizing Tendency Developmental Tendency The propensity of all issue to advance from easier to increasingly complex structures. Developmental Tendency The propensity of all issue to develop from easier to progressively complex structures. Developmental Tendency The inclination of all issue to develop from easier to increasingly complex structures. Realizing Tendency The propensity to push toward consummation or satisfaction of possibilities. Completing Tendency Every individual works as a total creature. Completion Tendency needs a specific situation. Compassion (Undivided attention) Acknowledgment (Unequivocal positive respect) Validity (consistency) Compassion (Undivided attention) Compassion (Undivided attention) Acknowledgment (Unequivocal positive respect) Compassion (Undivided attention) Compatibility A total individual with sentiments of delight, outrage, dissatisfaction, disarray, and so on. Compatibility To be genuine or certified, to be entire or incorporated, to be what one really is. Compatibility and Incongruence Compatibility Incongruence Genuine Positive Regard: Endorsement conceded paying little mind to a person’s conduct. Restrictive Positive Regard: Endorsement, love, or acknowledgment conceded just when an individual communicates alluring practices and perspectives. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept X Y No cover may suggest practically no fulfillment with oneself (no or low self †regard). Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y As the perfect self harmonizes with... Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Y= Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y what an individual sees as their genuine self,... Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y they are starting to permit what Rogers called self-endorsement, Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept X Y or on the other hand Positive Self-Regard. Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept XY X Complete cover may suggest a significant level of fulfillment with oneself (raised or high confidence). Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Mindfulness â€Å"The emblematic portrayal of some segment of our existence† Fundamental for the self idea and perfect self to exist. Mindfulness Three Levels first Level Numerous encounters are disregarded or denied. Habituation, response arrangement. Mindfulness Three Levels second Level Encounters precisely represented. Mindfulness Three Levels third Level Encounters apparent in a misshaped structure. (Subjective cacophony) Phases of Therapeutic Change Can be set on a continuum from generally cautious to generally coordinated. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 1) Rigid and impervious to change. Doesn’t see any issue. Will not possess individual sentiments or feelings. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 2) Slightly less unbending. Still will not perceive their own emotions. May talk with respect to emotions in target way. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 3) Talk minimal all the more openly. Be that as it may, emotions at separation, not at this very moment. In future or past tense. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 4) Begin

Justice in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Equity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay In todays society, the individuals who have fouled up are prosecuted where they experience a long preliminary before equity can be served that is on the off chance that it is served by any means. This isn't to imply that that there were no courts or acculturated methods for rebuffing transgressors before, however numerous individuals would in general assume control over equity. The individuals who foul up ought to be rebuffed and their casualties ought to have a type of alleviation. At certain occasions, the scoundrel pulls off his wrongdoing, in spite of the fact that at different occasions he commits errors which can cause issues down the road for him. This is the situation in Shakespeares Hamlet. A large number of the characters have fouled up to another, the greatest casualty being Hamlet. The journey for retribution and equity is overpowering for him. As Laertes bites the dust, he says that he is legitimately murdered. Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and Claudius all have enemy visited upon them. Their own bad behavior reverse discharges, bringing the defeat of each and equity for Hamlet. Polonius, the dad of Laertes and Ophelia, has a huge inclination to spy. He sticks his nose where it doesn't have a place and he can't appear to stay out of other people's affairs. In spite of the fact that his expectations appear to be reasonable, Polonius keeps an eye on his youngsters a considerable amount. With his child Laertes away in France, he sends his hireling Reynaldo to check whether everything is good. Prior to the visit, Polonius needs his man to make ask of his conduct (II. I. 4-5). It seems like Polonius doesn't have especially trust in his child; so spying is his approach to ensure that his and Laertes notoriety stays unblemished. Polonius keeps an eye on his kids, yet additionally on Hamlet. With the ruler, he intends to utilize Ophelia to comprehend why Hamlet acts so oddly. To the lord, he says, At such a period Ill free my little girl to him. Be you and I behind an arras at that point (II. ii. 161-162). This isn't the main time where Polonius keeps an eye on Hamlet. He does so again when Hamlet is addressing Gertrude in her chambers. He chooses to pass on to hear the procedure (III. iii. 28-29). Hamlet, not realizing that Polonius is behind the window ornament, hits with his blade murdering the government agent. At a certain point, Claudius says that together, he and Polonius are legal espials (III. I. 32). Despite the fact that as a general rule, if his spying was legitimate, he wouldnt have kicked the bucket. In this way, Polonius inclination to spy is the thing that executes him and puts him to equity. Two of Hamlets dear companions from college, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, likewise have enemy visited upon them. They are sent for by Claudius who lets them know, The need we need to utilize you provoked our hurried sending (II. ii. 3-4). This incredible need is for them to discover precisely what's going on with Hamlet. It is realized that Hamlet is such old buddies with them in light of the fact that Gertrude says, He hath much discussed you, and sure I am two men there isn't living to whom he more follows (II.ii. 19-21). Despite the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern should be Hamlets old buddies, they follow Claudius orders like a wipe, as Hamlet says, that absorbs the rulers face, his rewards, his specialists (IV. ii. 13-14). This is particularly evident when they take Claudius requests to tail him at foot; entice him with speed on board while accompanying Hamlet to England (IV. iii. 51). Hamlet unfurls the amazing plan when he finds the letter that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are conveying with them to England. .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 , .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .postImageUrl , .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 , .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:hover , .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:visited , .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:active { border:0!important; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:active , .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf59c2 b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf59c2b12b19c06abff8be25c585f7583:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night, What Was Shakespeare Thinking EssayIn the letter, Hamlet finds a precise order where head ought to be struck off (V. ii. 19-25). Hamlet gets equity for his companions double-crossing when he contrived another commission a sincere conjuration from the ruler he should those bearers put to abrupt passing (V. ii. 31-47). The arrangement is totally convoluted, and the letter they are currently conveying is essentially one prompting their own destruction. The defeat of Claudius is significant and exceptionally defended. He can be viewed as a horrible miscreant when one thinks about the entirety of the awful thi ngs he does. Slaughtering his own sibling to take the seat and Gertrude is unadulterated abhorrence. The apparition of Old King Hamlet uncovers reality of his passing to his child saying, The snake that stung thy fathers life presently wears his crown (I. v. 39-40). Since scriptural occasions, the snake has been related with malice and it is found in sculptures how the Virgin Mary pounds the snakes head with her foot, which in a way brings equity for the entirety of its evildoing. Claudius, similar to a snake, utilizes harmful venom to obliterate anything in his manner. He slaughters his sibling with the juice of reviled hebona in a vial (I. v. 62). It isn't just he who uses toxin to dispose of others, he additionally feels as if Hamlet poisonously affects him, which can be found in the letter he keeps in touch with England mentioning that Hamlet be executed. He composes, Do it, England, for like that tumultuous in my blood he furies, and thou must fix me (IV. iii. 62-64). Like a disease, Claudius feels that the best way to carry on with his life well is to dispose of Hamlet for good. At the point when that arrangement fizzles, he chooses to dispose of Hamlet himself through a fencing match among Hamlet and Laertes. By and by, Claudius needs to utilize poison. The first arrangement is to harm the tip of Laertes blade so that with a slight injury, the toxic substance would get into Hamlets blood. Claudius is sufficiently keen to make an Arrangement B saying, Ill have favored him a goblet whereon however tasting, in the event that he by chance break your venomed stuck, our motivation may hold there (IV. vii. 157-160). The first arrangement works and Hamlet is harmed by an injury from Laertes. The issue is that Claudius plan works too well in light of the fact that Gertrude drinks from the harmed cup and Claudius shouts, it is past the point of no return (V. ii. 274). In the entirety of the disarray and turmoil Laertes is additionally struck by his own blade, which is the point at which he realizes that he is legitimately executed. Hamlet acknowledges what has happened addressing, The point envenomed as well? At that point, venom, to thy work (V. ii. 306-307). He wounds Claudius and furthermore makes him drink from the harmed cup. Before Laertes passes on, he says about the ruler, He is fairly served. It is a toxin tempered without anyone else (V. ii. 312-313). So at long last, Claudius experiences his own medication and in the wake of harming such huge numbers of others, the snake kicks the bucket from his own venom. In Shakespeares Hamlet, foe is visited upon Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and Claudius. Their destruction originates from their own pitilessness and their arrangements detonate demolishing the lives of the blameless, and even their own. In spite of the fact that Hamlet likewise lost his life at long last, he vindicated his dads passing and brought equity upon the individuals who had treated him terribly. As it were, it seems like destiny and karma become possibly the most important factor too, which can be found in the pivoting of every one of the wrongdoers plans. Polonius was executed on account of his spying. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who conveyed the letter requesting Hamlets passing wound up requesting their own. Lastly Claudius whose utilization of toxic substance slaughtered the lady that he adored and himself. All things being equal, it has been indicated that one must not play with death so intently, on the grounds that in the long run it will return for additional games, at exactly that point it will be lethal for the first player.

What Are Your Values Deciding Whats Most Important in Life

What Are Your Values Deciding Whats Most Important in Life WHAT ARE VALUES?Values are what define the very core of your being. They define who you are. Values are at the heart of your life.We are all part of the human race and thus quite similar in many ways. However, there are subtle differences between us and these are what make us unique. Even when two or more people look completely alike, there will still be differences resulting from their values.Values are the things which are most important to you. The things that you consider above all else. They are powerful enough to make you sacrifice any comfort and convenience you may have. This is because, when you go against your values, you cannot escape the feeling of guilt which follows.Your conscience, which is an integral part of you, keeps track of your values. When you go against your values, your conscience aches and calls to your attention the wrong you have committed. However, if you ignore your conscience often enough, it takes the cue from you and adapts.It recognizes that your val ues have changed. This is how for example, you can move from starting small with a bad habit and end up getting very deep in it. The value which once classified the habit as bad, changed and you quickly learned the new habit.The importance of valuesValues are very important in your life. They help shape your life and even determine how much success you will have. Consider the following importances of values and you will understand why you need to identify and stick to your values.1. Find purpose in lifeYour purpose in life is the difference you strongly feel you are supposed to make while living on this earth. This usually refers to what you will do to make a difference in the lives of other people. And for that to happen, you will have made some considerable sacrifices.Your purpose will drive you to take action even when you do not have any support from friends or family. When you do not have any means, you would see no problem in parting with your property so as to facilitate the fulfillment of your purpose.In itself, a purpose can be big and daunting; one that not many people would be willing to embrace. Yet if you embrace it and run with it, you will be celebrated. Many of those who will celebrate you have little capacity to fully understand what you went through behind the scenes.Your values sit right at the heart of your purpose. They are the ones which point you on the direction you should go and the path you should take. This is critical because if you embark on a journey of a purpose you have embraced yet it is not aligned to your values, you will easily get frustrated.With frustration, you are likely to quit so as to take up a different purpose. As unfortunate a situation as it may be, your purpose is not like a career which can be changed any time. Your purpose is a long-term journey which you embark on and the goal should always be on your mind.Your values help you determine what your purpose is by making known to you the deep things which move you r heart. These are the things which when touched, be it positively or negatively, you are bound to respond.2. Build your self-esteemYour values help you build your self-esteem by increasing your awareness of yourself. Self-awareness enables you to understand who you are, what drives you forward and what you need to do to have a better life.This becomes evident when through self-awareness, you are able to identify the emotions which are influencing your life moment by moment. This is great as it empowers you to operate above and beyond the limits caused by emotions.Emotions can limit you when for example, they make you irritable. You may not be able to take it when people disagree with your point of view. This will bring the effect of people preferring to stay away from you.Eventually, you will not be able to develop a team to work with yet you need people for success. More so, self-awareness is a key ingredient for the highly-acclaimed skill of emotional intelligence.Once you know y our values, you become comfortable with yourself. You will not seek to be like others who are their original self. Instead, you will build your own self in the way you know is best for you. As you become more comfortable with yourself, your self-esteem goes up.3. Build your characterNothing counts like a solid character. Character is what we all seek in order top be sure that someone will remain true to their words. That they will not disappoint when times become difficult. This is what we seek when employing people or picking business partners.But just how do you get character? It’s all in the values.Your  character is defined as a combination of the qualities you have. These qualities come from sticking to what you stand for. If you stand for politeness for example, you will be known to be respectful. Everyone will know that despite being in an argument, you can never lash out at people.If you value truth and always speak the truth no matter what, it will be known that you canno t lie. You will be known to have integrity. It will then be easy for people to trust you.Identifying these values will certainly help you solidify their place in your life. The more you are aware of them, the more you can stick to them because they act as a light to direct your path. As you uphold them in your daily life, then they start shining and they are what people get to see.4. Make better decisionsMaking good decisions is never an easy thing for a majority of people. And when it comes to businesses, it becomes more difficult. The reasons for this difficulty abound. From the need to ensure stakeholders are happy with the decision to employees being comfortable with any coming changes.There is also the need to consider the opinions of top managers and any consultants that may be part of the business. Generally, the more the number of people to be consulted, the more time it takes to reach a decision. But you still need other people’s input, so what do you do?As an individual or business, when you know your values, they will direct your decision-making processes. The process becomes fairly simple. All you have to do is check whether the various options available are in line with your values.How exactly do your values help?For example, one of your values may be integrity. You may then be in a situation where you need to explain to a customer why his order has not been delivered on time. Some of the suggested explanations may be about the lack of raw materials, a problem with the delivery contractor you have etc.Instead of scratching your head wondering which of these sounds most convincing, you will simply check with your values and decide to tell the truth. You will understand that this might make the client turn red in anger but the most important thing for you is that your conscience doesn’t condemn you.While communicating with the client, you may apologize and inform of the steps you have taken to prevent a similar occurrence. It is possible that yo ur client will see the sense of what you have explained and give you the chance to correct your mistake.In such a case, remember to point to the client that you are acting in line with your value of walking in integrity. This might earn you a lot of respect and more business as opposed to lying and being found out.“Its not hard to make decisions when you know what your values are.”  Roy E. Disney5. Gain respectYour values bring you respect from both yourself and others because they make you have a stand even when others don’t. Your values ensure that you do not become one of those people who are easily influenced to do things they do not wish to do.This is important because you will never accomplish your life’s goals if you keep operating under the influence of others.With respect, you will be able to often have what you need to achieve your goals. Those around you will recognize that you are serious in whatever you are pursuing and will give you the space.This is contrary to when you are among the majority who are just moving along life and get silenced any time they mention their dreams. Since they haven’t gone out of the crowd to prove their strength to do it, they will simply never achieve those dreams. 6. Define your goalsYou need to have goals which you are seeking to achieve in life. It is however possible that you don’t have them. All you may have is a desire of success thinking that it will bring about a good life. That will lead you into great disappointments.In case you are yet to realize this, success is not measured by the amount of money you have.Neither is it gauged by the amount of material wealth you possess. Success is all about achieving your goals and your goals come from your values. For example, if your values include compassion and a desire to help the elderly, your goal may be to open and run an orphanage.The moment you start and successfully run an orphanage, then you will have a sense of satisfaction that could not have c ome through any other way. You may have used all your money or maybe the money you have is what is paying for all expenses.Yet your joy will not be affected because the most important thing for you in life has been done.Your values are therefore essential in helping you define your goals and work towards achieving them.7. Choose the right career or business ideaJust like in the above point, your values will come in handy when you need to choose the career path to   follow. With many options potentially causing confusion, you will be able to make a better choice than most of your friends.Since all careers come with different demands, you will basically be making compromises in order to fit into a certain career. This is normal and not a cause for worry. The problem comes in when you later realize that you compromised on an important part of your life without immediately knowing it.An example of how this could happen is choosing to become a surgeon. Surgeons are usually busy and could be called upon to assist at any time of the day or night. Some surgeries may take several hours and there may be two or more to be done in one day.Although you may rest, it may not be adequate if you desire to have ample time with your spouse and children. If this realization comes late in life, you may become stressed about the possible need to switch careers. Or, live a dissatisfied life while maintaining the chosen career.If on the other hand you had considered your value for spending time with family, you would have chosen a different career. Maybe one where you will work from 8am to 5pm, Monday to Friday only.8. Enjoy lifeEnjoying life comes from the satisfaction of achieving your goals. If you don’t achieve your goals, you keep working towards them even when you are old. Alternatively, you may give up on them and start pushing your kids to take the path you were on so you can have the achievement through them.Others may just give up once old age catches up with them and the y live their retirement lives full of regrets. None of these unfortunate circumstances will occur if you used your values to determine what your goals are. You would then have worked towards them and subjected your decisions to your values.Living life according to your values has the benefit of giving you joy even before you retire from active work. Living by your values guarantees small amounts of joy every single day.For example, decisions are made every day. Making the wrong decisions end up causing you unnecessary stress. But what if you didn’t make wrong decisions?What you need to consider here is the standard which you are seeking to live by. When you know your values and confidently choose to stick to them, you will find that the decisions you make secure your sense of peace on the inside.Whereas stressed people will seek to go on an expensive vacation so as to temporarily forget their stress, you will still be comfortable without the vacation because you rarely get high le vels of stress.If you were to go on vacation, you will have no dread of returning to work because your work is not stressful for you. This way, you enjoy life for a very long time. Possibly for the majority of your life.The connection between your values, desires and goalsSince we have talked about your values and your goals, it would be good to see what place desires have in your life.We all have desires and they may push us towards attaining some things. Those things should however not be confused with life goals. The difference may be subtle for others, yet very distinct for some. Still, you can make your desires your goal and seek to attain them.The difference between a desire and a goal can somehow be likened to the difference between a want and a need.Desires are generally things which when attained, they do not necessarily add much value to your life. They may give you a certain level of happiness and sense of fulfillment but they are very temporary in their nature.An example of a desire is living lavishly. This can easily become a goal for someone and is actually the case for many people. Fueled by the lavish lifestyles celebrities and billionaires live as shown on TV, many people desire to have money so they can also live the “good” life.Although there is no problem with living large, a bigger question arises as to whether your living large adds any real value to you as a person. Apart from the status and definite comfort and great conveniences, no real satisfaction is achieved through this.This does not mean that the rich should be condemned. Anyone who has worked hard should be able to enjoy the fruits of his labor. To balance things, some focus needs to be given to the satisfaction of the soul.HOW TO IDENTIFY YOUR VALUESIf there are so many valuable benefits of knowing and living by your values, then it is important to know how to identify them.You will be surprised that contrary to what you may have thought or heard, identifying your values is really easy. All you need to do is take some time to conduct this easy exercise. It is necessary to take some time to do it since it may require you to remind yourself of some things you have forgotten.You will also do well to have a pen and notebook or any writing area. These are for listing down your values as you discover them. As you will learn from the exercises below, you might end up with quite a long list. We will however show you how to shorten it so you have values which you can keep tabs on.There are two questions which you will use to dig into your past. What you come up with as answers, will be your list of values. Afterwards, you will also see how to make them memorable.What were your most fulfilling moments?Remember that your values indicate the things which have the guaranteed potential of bringing you maximum fulfillment. This question will therefore help you “discover” those particular things.When we talk of fulfillment, what is meant is the feeling that you h ave done something that is truly worthwhile. Something which despite possibly having taken you a lot of time and effort, you do not regret it. In fact, you feel so much joy about it.Watch the below video to get an understanding of how to live a fulfilled life. If this is a project you were working on, fulfillment is not necessarily the completion of the project. It could as well be the small challenge that came up which you have dealt with. For example, you may have been part of a study group and there is a group assignment given.Among yourselves, you divided the assignment into smaller tasks and assigned responsibilities to each one accordingly. Your responsibility could have been compiling the final report. Once you had the input from everyone else, you sat to work on the report.As you did this, you noticed inconsistent information from some members and generally-contradicting information when the full text was put together. This prompted you to call the involved members so as to have a joint meeting to reconcile the information.It may have taken you a lot of extra time to go through their work with them and probably help them with improvements. It may have been as though you are doing the work on their behalf. Once it’s all done however, you feel good that you were able to come up with a solution and had a great report awaiting presentation.After identifying the moment, you should check what caused you the joy of feeling fulfilled. These are what your values are. In this case, they could be teamwork, helping others with their work, accuracy and excellence in what you do.Once you have identified the things which you valued most in that situation, then move on to another situation. You can work on this list in the way that makes the exercise easiest for you. You can either pick one situation and finish with it or list all recalled situations then go through them one after the other.You should not rush yourself through this exercise. It is quite obvious that you cannot remember all of your best moments at once. You can therefore take several days. Just list the values or situations down as soon as you remember them.What were your most disappointing moments?Wondering how disappointments could indicate your values?This question works just like the above one but with differences in the situations being remembered and the list of words you will come up with.If your memory is perfect, you will not need to use this question because you will remember everything. But considering there are virtually no humans with a perfect memory, this question comes to your aid.Primarily, this question will lead you to a list of things you do not want to experience in your life. From that list, all you will do is get the opposite word and you are sorted. The idea behind this is the fact that if for example you don’t like arguments, then you like peace. If you don’t like being at the front leading people, then you most likely prefer supporting group projec ts.It is possible that not all opposites will describe you. All the same, they will paint a very good picture of what your preferences are. Also, from the list you will come up with, there will still be need to go through the values again so as to weed out any which don’t represent you very well.To show you how this can work, let’s look at an example situation.You are in a group setting and have an assignment. The work has been broken down and responsibilities distributed among the members. Like in the above case, you are the one to compile the final report.You take charge of that responsibility and give a deadline by which every member should have submitted their work for the final report to be prepared. According to you, you have given everyone ample time while also ensuring you have enough time to read through their work and probably make changes.You all agreed that once the report is finished, you will meet to review it together. You have everything planned such that in case someone raises an issue and there is need to make corrections to the report, your group will be able to do it before the lecturer’s deadline.Your own deadline lapses and two of the group members are yet to submit their work. They also fail to communicate about the delays such that you have to call them a few hours after going through what has been done by the other members.This angers you but you manage to engage them in a friendly and respectful manner. They explain the difficulty which they faced and promise to deliver within two days. This is too much time for you and you all agree on one day. They finally deliver almost at the end of the second day.You make it known to them that they have greatly inconvenienced the group by not keeping to the agreed timelines. You also mention that they have made your work more difficult since you have to work late into the night and won’t have time to re-edit the report in case there are any errors.You end up not managing to do the group r eview of the report and after the presentation which was marked with many questions which your group couldn’t answer, you were awarded with a “PASS.”Whereas your group did not fail, the score was way below your target. This dented your individual score sheet as you got a lower average score.Your list of valuesTo get your values, list down all the things that made you angry. Include the things to which you attribute the average performance. You may end up with things like lack of communication, lack of commitment, poor time management, inconveniences and poor co-ordination.The opposite of these (not necessarily dictionary opposites) could be listed respectively as good communication, commitment, good time management, convenience, co-ordination and teamwork. More than these, you can see that you value being well prepared, accuracy and success.You will thus realize that looking at both positive and negative situations of your past will lead you to discovering the things which mat ter to you.Remember that you will be better off making time for this exercise. Do not be in a hurry to complete it. Take your time and be as comprehensive as possible. If you do this well, you will have a list of values that truly reflect you.This is crucial because you will use this to come up with your value statement which you will always abide by. Remember that living by your values gives you stability as you are able to make better decisions and do the things which will get you moving towards your goals in life.Picking your values from a listIn case you think the above method is too time-consuming, we have come up with an option which might save you some time. The option is a list of common values which you can go through and pick the values you feel describe you.As much as we are presenting this option to you, we recommend you use the above questions to identify your values. This is because taking time to do that will help you know yourself better.While using this list, take c are not to pick what seems good instead of what truly defines you. Remember that this exercise is to help you find what will help you make the best of your life on earth.With that in mind, below is the list.AccomplishmentDriveMotivationAccountabilityEfficiencyOptimismAccuracyEnergyOriginalityAdaptabilityEnthusiasmPatienceAmbitionEthicalPeaceAssertivenessExcellencePersistenceBeautyFairnessPowerBoldnessFamilyProfessionalismBraveryFearlessRespectCandorForesightResponsibilityCarefulFriendshipSelflessCharityGeniusServiceCommitmentHard workSkillCommunicationHonestySuccessCompassionHumilitySustainabilityConfidenceIndependenceTeamworkConsistencyInnovationThoughtfulControlInspiringToleranceCooperationJoyToughnessCourtesyKindnessTrustCreativityLeadershipTruthDecisiveLogicUnityDependabilityLoveVictoryDeterminationLoyaltyWelcomingDignityMeaningWisdomCleverism.comCondensing your listIt is very likely that either through the questions or list you have come up with a long list of different values. These need to be condensed so you can easily make reference to them. You will do this by following the below three steps.Put related words together â€" your long list contains values which are somewhat related to one another. Write these together such that you have a group of related values. For example, you may have a group of values such as courage, boldness, toughness and bravery.Name the groups â€" each group of values should have a name. The name of the group will be a value by itself since it is what will describe the rest of the values in the group. If you find this to be difficult, consult a thesaurus.Putting it all together â€" take all the group names and write them as a new list of values. Do not get rid of the values which are represented by these group names. Whereas these group names are now your primary values, the “group members” are what you could call the definitions of the primary values. They are simply what your values mean.Coming up with your values statem entHaving identified the values which define you, it’s important that you come up with a way of remembering them. If you remember them, then the chances are high that you will use them in deciding the important things in life.And what better way than to come up with a statement that says it all?When you think of companies’ mission and vision statements, they easily tell you what those companies are all about. Those statements serve as powerful reminders of what is to be achieved.This shall work in a similar way. You need a statement that reminds you of what you are all about.Let’s look at some example values statements to guide you in making your own. Remember that this is all about you and no one else. Therefore, as much as you can make up a fancy statement, do not do it with the intention of making it sound good for others. It should sound good to you.Example values statementsValues: Courage, Success, Communication and TeamworkValues statement: With excellent communication, I team up with others to courageously pursue success.In this value statement, you boldly point out that you value success. You however don’t work alone but with others, you face whatever challenges come and pursue success to the very end.Values: Joy, Hope, Selfless, Meaning and LoveValues statement: It is my joy to inspire hope and show people love as I selflessly serve and help them find meaning in life. It is evident from this values statement that your primary concern is to give people hope and show them love. And going beyond empty talk, you selflessly give away your time and effort to help them live a life that is full of meaning. And the crowning part of it is that doing this gives you joy and satisfaction. This is what gives you a sense of fulfillment.Living out your valuesThe final step towards making your values a daily reality is by ensuring that they are in your memory at all times. This is very important especially when you are getting started. So how do you do it?You can do it in different ways depending on your preferences but below we give you two simple yet effective ways. You have some amount of creativity in you. So, put that to work.Screensavers â€" this is where you make use of your smartphone and computer. Instead of having a screensaver of just anything else, cars, houses etc, why not have one showing you your values? This can be achieved using some creative calligraphic writing of your values statement and saving it as a picture. Setting this as a screensaver for your phone and/or computer is a great way to remind yourself of what is most important to you.Songs â€" music is powerful. You most likely remember how you used some musical tunes to remember necessary facts for your exams while in school. These are called mnemonic devices. Instead of just utilizing them for your presentations, why not use them for your values statement too?CONCLUSIONYour values are one of the most basic things about yourself that you need to identify. They wi ll help you stay focused on the journey you want to make in life. More than that, the result will be a great rewardâ€"life satisfaction.

Fish Disease Outbreak And Prevention - 1733 Words

Introduction Fish disease outbreak and prevention in Aquaculture Aquaculture has globally developed over last decades. The expansion of aquaculture production may leads to an increase in case of disease outbreak such as viral and bacterial infections (Hannesson, 2003). Previously, many antibiotic has been used to solve the problem. However, in some countries, the use of antibiotic has result in a heavy burden and it cannot be accepted (Evensen and Leong, 2013). Therefore, the effective disease control measurement such as vaccination is critically required in aquaculture. In recent decade, DNA vaccines have been developed and applied widely across the globe. The term of DNA vaccination is globally defined as influencing the immune system†¦show more content†¦In third world countries, fish farms are operated with inadequate equipment or technology because most of the small scale fish farms are run by low skill and poor farmers along coastal line. Therefore, they cannot afford the latest technology. Nevertheless, small scale fish farms in developing countries have a significant contribution to global aquaculture production as well as world food supply and it also contributes to poverty alleviation. However, in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, India and Uganda, disease infection still a major constrain for the improvement of aquaculture productivity. The disease outbreaks have severely impact on small scale farms. Many farms have been closed and this condition leads to a massive reduction in income stability of small holder farmers and it also â€Å"affect other socio-economic factors including job creation† in those countries (Lorenzen and LaPatra, 2014). The story of vaccine in aquaculture. In aquaculture, first vaccine has been introduced in the late of 80 centuries against bacterial infection. During this time, bacterial disease seems to be prioritized because almost all vaccines were invented only for cold-water species including Atlantic salmon. The vaccines can only be applied for preventing bacterial infection (Hà ¥stein et al., 2005). However, in recent decade, vaccine has been developed massively for both bacterial and viral infection. The development of viral vaccine across the

Steve Jobs - 1385 Words

In this ever growing, rapid developing world as we can see today, there are many different successful leaders. As we know it, leaders are humans just like everyone else. How did they manage to stand out from the crowd? What did they do to achieve great success for an organization? As of all the successful leaders in the world, Steve Jobs is one of the successful leaders that managed to achieve great success for an organization. Therefore, Steve Jobs is the leader that I personally admire and would like to emulate. According to Gallo (2011, p. 4), Jobs was named the best-performing CEO in the world by the Harvard Business Review. Jobs was given the title as he delivered â€Å"a whopping 3188% industry adjusted return (34% compounded†¦show more content†¦Hence, these are the seven principles and the core principles that Jobs lived by to be a successful and inspiring leader. I personally admire Steve Jobs as he is one that does things in a very systematic manner which lead him to his success. Talking about success, in a YouTube video by Jandafrique (2009), it shows Jobs himself explaining the rules of success. In the video, Jobs quoted, â€Å"You got to love it, you got to have passion†. I strongly agree to what Steve Jobs had said because to succeed, you need to be passionate about what you are doing. A given task would not be a burden to one if that particular one loved their job. They would enjoy doing every bit of it if they love doing it, therefore making everything simpler and faster to accomplish. Other than that,†No matter how smart you are, you need a team of great people† (Jobs cited in Jandafrique 2009) was also quoted by Jobs. One cannot open an organization and work alone to be successful. It would almost be impossible. As quoted by John Heywood, â€Å"many hands make light work.† Therefore, this shows the ways and traits in which made Jobs an inspiring man. One of the leadership traits that Jobs go by is his very own saying, â€Å"stay hungry, stay foolish† (Jash, n.d.). The meanings in which I interpreted from the quote, is that one should always be looking out and have never ending questions to aShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs1401 Words   |  6 PagesSteve Jobs Jade Alexie Scott-Barria Ms.Fama September24, 2012 Timeline (February 24 1955 – October 5 2011) February 24, 1955 - Steven Paul was born in San Francisco. He was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs. Summer 1968 – When Steve Jobs was 13-years-oldRead MoreSteve Jobs1713 Words   |  7 PagesMarina Szabo Professor Dana Kerrigan English 15 March 19,2012 Steve Jobs Everyone is unique on this plant. We share the air and shine to live but we all do things in our own ways. Some people don’t do anything with their lives and others do great things with theirs. 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The most current speech of the four is Steve Jobs’ â€Å"You’ve got to find what you love.† His speech targets college graduates of the 21st century. After I read Steve Jobs’ speech, I understood the power of his words. At the beginningRead MoreThe Work Of Steve Jobs1631 Words   |  7 Pages Steve Jobs, though mostly known for being the co-founder and CEO of Apple, was also the founder of another computer software company called NeXT, as well as the man who brought Pixar, a computer based production company, into light. Mainly through Apple, Steve revolutionized the way society manipulates technology. If you have seen Pixar produced films, such as â€Å"Toy Story† or â€Å"Monsters, Inc.†, Jobs had a direct impact on those films. Steven Paul Jobs was undoubtedly the most significant person inRead MoreSteve Jobs Leadership3274 Words   |  14 Pagescover page, instructions and references): 2748 Steve Jobs is the CEO at Apple. Jobs founded Apple in 1976, and the company has developed into a major force within the electronics industry. Much of the success of the company has been due to the leadership of Steve Jobs. He has the personal attributes which are needed in order to be a successful leader, for example he is smart, communicative and is a great co-ordinator. However, there are limitations to Jobs leadership at Apple with factors such as shareholdersRead MoreThe Founder Of Steve Jobs1980 Words   |  8 PagesInc. had very small beginnings. The co-founder, Steve Jobs, was born in San Francisco, California in 1955. He was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs, where he was given the names Steven Paul Jobs. The family loved in what is now known as Silicon Valley. As a child, Steve and his father worked on electronics in their garage. Here Steve was taught how to take a part and put back together gadgets and that became a hobby if his throughout his childhood. Jobs was an innovati ve and intelligent thinker. 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Education Is The Most Powerful Weapon - 1598 Words

Introduction Education, the most powerful weapon which can be used to change the world. Miriam-Webster dictionary defines education as the knowledge, skill, and understanding that you get from attending a school, college, or university (1). In today’s society, education is dispensed and received through different forms: campus-based, internet-based, distance, and home education. Home education or homeschool means a nonpublic school conducted primarily by the parent, guardian or other person having custody of a child (2). Though all states in the United States permit parents to homeschool, some states (such as California) require homeschoolers to register as private schools (3), while others (such as Pennsylvania) require children that are homeschooled to take standardized tests when they reach third, fifth, and eighth grades (4). It is the responsibility of the homeschooler to know and comply with all the requirements of the state in which he or she resides. The purpose of this article is to educate the reader on homeschooling of children in childhood developmental stage (Age three to twelve): its background, benefits, and position in today’s society, the reasons why parents opt for it, its impact on children socialization, and the difference in performance and behaviors among children in traditional school and those who are homeschooled. Background, definition, and legal status of Homeschooling in childhood Homeschooling: Back to the Future? January 7, 1998, is aShow MoreRelatedEducation Is The Most Powerful Weapon Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout our history, most of the revolutions were turning points that contributed and improved the modern society that we are living now. Social reformers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson have been spreading the message that education is crucial in leading to a successful life. 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According to Nelson Mandela, the celebrated former President of South Africa, â€Å"Education is the most powerful weaponRead MoreEducation Is The Most Powerful Weapon1541 Words   |  7 PagesNelson Mandela said, â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† Miriam-Webster dictionary defines education as the knowledge, skill, and understanding that you get from attending a school, college, or university. In today’s society, education is dispensed and received through different forms: campus-based, internet-based, distance, and home education. Home education or homeschool means a nonpublic school conducted primarily by the parent, guardian or other personRe ad MoreEducation Is The Most Powerful Weapon2016 Words   |  9 Pages Nelson Mandela said, ?Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world?. If one were to think introspect on the quote, one can realize the value of education. 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Dealing with Death free essay sample

He addresses three figures of language that makes this poem memorable. Robert Frost was born in San Francisco in 1874. When he was ten, his father passed away and his family decided to move back to New England. Frost emphasized that a poem â€Å"never a put-up job†¦. It begins as a lump in the throat, a sense of wrong, a homesickness, a loneliness. It is never a thought to begin with. It is at its best when it is a tantalizing vagueness. † (Lowell 1). His father’s absence, I believe that’s why Frost usually writes about a family without a child, or as in Home Burial the baby has passed away. Robert Frost was also the first poet to speak at a Presidential Inauguration in 1961 for President John. F Kennedy, when he recited The Gift Outright. After winning many awards, named as one of America’s best poets, and having a mountain named after him in Vermont, Robert Frost passed away in 1963. We will write a custom essay sample on Dealing with Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first element of literature Robert Frost makes memorable is imagery. In lines 84 amp; 86-87, Amy states, â€Å"You could sit there with stains on your shoes† and â€Å"You had stood the spade up against the wall outside there in the entry, for I saw it. (Frost 1). Amy realizes and over reacts because no matter what, just like a stain, the absence of her baby will always be there. As for the spade, leaning against the wall until something comes and gets rid of it, the burden of their child’s death will poise her life until something, if anything, can help her. Next, the farmer questions Amy’s health. He states, â€Å"What had how long it takes a birch to rot. † (Frost 1). How long will it take for Amy to become sane again? Without a doubt, the bitch is going to rot. Therefore, the farmer faces reality and begins to take steps to grow from this burden, yet Amy can’t seem to get a grip on the reality of the ordeal. Another memorable form of imagery, and maybe the most significant, is on line 7-8. â€Å"The farmer addresses Amy, â€Å"What is it you see from up there always? –for I want to know. † (Frost 1). While they both look out the windows into the grave yard, they might see the same image, but they don’t see the same feelings. Amy can’t let go of the fact that her child is underground, while her husband is wondering why she can’t face reality and more forward. Another element of literature that was memorable in this poem is theme. Robert Frost distinguishes two major themes; the loss of a child, and the loss for love. Frost narrates in the first three lines, â€Å"He saw her from the bottom of the stairs before she saw him. She was starting down, looking back over her shoulder at some fear,† (Frost 1). Amy watched her husband burry their child and enter the house, but she couldn’t look at him. However, the farmer already had his eyes on his wife. For the loss of the child can be analyzed in two views; feminine and masculine. The husband has already got his eyes going forward, even though he is upset, he stands strong. As for Amy, the fear of the burden keeps her trapped, and not allowed to move on. For the second major theme, lines 112-113, Amy states, â€Å"I must go –somewhere out of this house. How can I make you––† (Frost 1). Since the baby is gone, the love has disappeared between the two. The house represents their marriage, and she has already opened the door and lost the love for the farmer. Also it’s very interesting how Frost doesn’t allow Amy to finish what she was saying. Instead, inserts two dashes†¦ I believe that no one feels the same about death. Therefore, he left that for us to imagine. For the third element of literature that Robert Frost implies is irony. The first ironical statement made is on line 18 and 20-22. The farmer mumbles, â€Å"Just that I see. † Then states, â€Å"The wonder is I didn’t see at once. I never noticed it from here before. † (Frost 1). Once the farmer glances out the window and sees that his wife has been staring at the grave yard, he understands the depth of her feelings for their child. It’s irony due to the fact that he never thought of how his wife was feeling while he was digging the grave. Until he saw it from her perspective, he had just faced reality and proceeded to move on. Thereafter, in lines 54-55, the farmer implies â€Å"Two that don’t love can’t live together without them. But two that do can’t live together with them† (Frost 1). The irony in this statement is that it’s opposite of what is going on between the two. With the baby, the two were perfectly fine, but without the child, they begin to lose love for one another. Robert Frost ability to manage subjectivity and objectivity, in his poetry and to connect to his past is unparalleled. His romantic mood and modern day dialogue allow Frost to be one of the most exciting poets in American history. In his poem Home Burial Frost addresses three elements of literature that makes the poem memorable, and with these elements, he shows how a couple coupes differently with the death of their child. I’ve collected from this poem that everyone faces death differently. Works Cited Frost, Robert. â€Å"Home Burial. † (1915): Lowell, Amy. â€Å"Robert Frost.

Jurassic Park #2 Essays - Films Using Computer-generated Imagery

Jurassic Park #2 Jurrasic Park Richard Graczyk JURASSIC PARK Crichton, Michael Publisher: Ballantine Books City Where Published: New York Date of latest copy: 1990 Edition: First Ballantine Books Edition: December 1991. 399 Pages, Hardcover I. A Brief Summary of the Plot. A billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind DNA that his crack team of scientists and experts extract he is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behind electrified fences. He has created a sort of theme park on the island which is located off the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. He plans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asks a group of scientists from several different fields to come and view the park, but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns traitor and shuts down the power. II. A Description of the Most Important Aspects of the Contents. The main characters in the book are: John Hammond who is a billionaire developer who has used his

The Probability of Rolling a Yahtzee

The Probability of Rolling a Yahtzee Yahtzee is a dice game involving a combination of chance and strategy. A player begins their turn by rolling five dice. After this roll, the player may decide to re-roll any number of the dice. At most, there are a total of three rolls for each turn. Following these three rolls, the result of the dice is entered onto a score sheet. This score sheet contains different categories, such as a full house or large straight.  Each of the categories is satisfied with different combinations of dice. The most difficult category to fill-in is that of a Yahtzee. A Yahtzee occurs when a player rolls five of the same number. Just how unlikely is a Yahtzee? This is a problem that is much more complicated than finding probabilities for two or even three dice. The main reason is that there are many ways to obtain five matching dice during three rolls. We can calculate the probability of rolling a Yahtzee by using the combinatorics formula for combinations, and by breaking the problem into several mutually exclusive cases. One Roll The easiest case to consider is obtaining a Yahtzee immediately on the first roll. We will first look at the probability of rolling a particular Yahtzee of five twos, and then easily extend this to the probability of any Yahtzee. The probability of rolling a two is 1/6, and the outcome of each die is independent of the rest. Thus the probability of rolling five twos is (1/6) x (1/6) x (1/6) x (1/6) x (1/6) 1/7776. The probability of rolling five of a kind of any other number is also 1/7776. Since there are a total of six different numbers on a die, we multiply the above probability by 6. This means that the probability of a Yahtzee on the first roll is 6 x 1/7776 1/1296 0.08 percent. Two Rolls If we roll anything other than five of a kind of the first roll, we will have to re-roll some of our dice to try to get a Yahtzee. Suppose that our first roll has four of a kind. we would re-roll the one die that doesn’t match and then get a Yahtzee on this second roll. The probability of rolling a total of five twos in this way is found as follows: On the first roll, we have four twos. Since there is a probability 1/6 of rolling a two, and 5/6 of not rolling a two, we multiply (1/6) x (1/6) x (1/6) x (1/6) x (5/6) 5/7776.Any of the five dice rolled could be the non-two. We use our combination formula for C(5, 1) 5 to count how many ways we can roll four twos and something that is not a two.We multiply and see that the probability of rolling exactly four twos on the first roll is 25/7776.On the second roll, we need to calculate the probability of rolling one two. This is 1/6. Thus the probability of rolling a Yahtzee of twos in the above way is (25/7776) x (1/6) 25/46656. To find the probability of rolling any Yahtzee in this way is found by multiplying the above probability by 6 because there are six different numbers on a die. This gives a probability of 6 x 25/46656 0.32 percent. But this is not the only way to roll a Yahtzee with two rolls. All of the following probabilities are found in much the same way as above: We could roll three of a kind, and then two dice that match on our second roll. The probability of this is 6 x C(5 ,3) x (25/7776) x (1/36) 0.54 percent.We could roll a matching pair, and on our second roll three dice that match. The probability of this is 6 x C(5, 2) x (100/7776) x (1/216) 0.36 percent.We could roll five different dice, save one die from our first roll, then roll four dice that match on the second roll. The probability of this is (6!/7776) x (1/1296) 0.01 percent. The above cases are mutually exclusive. This means that to calculate the probability of rolling a Yahtzee in two rolls, we add the above probabilities together and we have is approximately 1.23 percent. Three Rolls For the most complicated situation yet, we will now examine the case where we use all three of our rolls to obtain a Yahtzee. We could do this in several ways and must account for all of them. The probabilities of these possibilities are calculated below: The probability of rolling four of a kind, then nothing, then matching the last die on the last roll is 6 x C(5, 4) x (5/7776) x (5/6) x (1/6) 0.27 percent.The probability of rolling three of a kind, then nothing, then matching with the correct pair on the last roll is 6 x C(5, 3) x (25/7776) x (25/36) x (1/36) 0.37 percent.The probability of rolling a matching pair, then nothing, then matching with the correct three of a kind on the third roll is 6 x C(5, 2) x (100/7776) x (125/216) x (1/216) 0.21 percent.The probability of rolling a single die, then nothing matching this, then matching with the correct four of a kind on the third roll is (6!/7776) x (625/1296) x (1/1296) 0.003 percent.The probability of rolling three of a kind, matching an additional die on the next roll, followed by matching the fifth die on the third roll is 6 x C(5, 3) x (25/7776) x C(2, 1) x (5/36) x (1/6) 0.89 percent.The probability of rolling a pair, matching an additional pair on the next roll, followe d by matching the fifth die on the third roll is 6 x C(5, 2) x (100/7776) x C(3, 2) x (5/216) x (1/6) 0.89 percent. The probability of rolling a pair, matching an additional die on the next roll, followed by matching the last two dice on the third roll is 6 x C(5, 2) x (100/7776) x C(3, 1) x (25/216) x (1/36) 0.74 percent.The probability of rolling one of a kind, another die to match it on the second roll, and then a three of a kind on the third roll is (6!/7776) x C(4, 1) x (100/1296) x (1/216) 0.01 percent.The probability of rolling one of a kind, a three of a kind to match on the second roll, followed by a match on the third roll is (6!/7776) x C(4, 3) x (5/1296) x (1/6) 0.02 percent.The probability of rolling one of a kind, a pair to match it on the second roll, and then another pair to match on the third roll is (6!/7776) x C(4, 2) x (25/1296) x (1/36) 0.03 percent. We add all of the above probabilities together to determine the probability of rolling a Yahtzee in three rolls of the dice. This probability is 3.43 percent. Total Probability The probability of a Yahtzee in one roll is 0.08 percent, the probability of a Yahtzee in two rolls is 1.23 percent and the probability of a Yahtzee in three rolls is 3.43 percent. Since each of these are mutually exclusive, we add the probabilities together. This means that the probability of obtaining a Yahtzee in a given turn is approximately 4.74 percent. To put this into perspective, since 1/21 is approximately 4.74 percent, by chance alone a player should expect a Yahtzee once every 21 turns. In practice, it may take longer as an initial pair may be discarded to roll for something else, such as a straight.

JTF-GNO Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JTF-GNO - Research Paper Example † The implication of the issues predominantly hinges on the question of normalcy which is of paramount importance in the national and international perspective. General Network Relationships: The GIG operations extend to giving support services and coordinating with the activities in areas such as the White House Situation Room, Department of State Operations Center, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Federal Emergency Management Agency. Central Intelligence Agency Operations Center, the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications, United Nations Military Mission, United States Coast Guard Command Center, Federal Aviation Administration Executive Communications Control Center), and other agencies are also covered on regular basis under various circumstances. Allied Partnership: The operations are global in nature and include information sharing with the allied and coalition partners on various security aspects. The differences in the c ommunication systems, operation standards and procedures need to be overcome through a common policyfor effective operations. NETOPS is responsible for integration, monitoring, control, and protection of the networks. Department of Homeland Security: The DOD coordinates with the civil authorities in homeland, be it federal state or local bodies through the national communication systems with JTF-Civil Support Unit of USNORTHCOM, in its security/homeland missions. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT): The JTF-GNO established the GNC through the merger of the JTF Computer Network Operations’ Directorate, DISA’s Global NETOPS and Security Center and the DOD computer emergency response team (CERT). US-CERT provides support and defense against cyber attacks and aids information sharing at various levels, government, industries and international agencies. National Communication Systems: The JTF J-6, bridges the gaps between civil, DOD, NGOs and other agencies in mission-o riented communications solutions and gather information on the commercial communications from the National Communications systems. Intelligence Community: The scope of GIG covers all communication systems or channels either owned or leased and include computing systems/services, software, data management and other security related aspects. The GIG supports the strategic, tactical and business operations related to national security and intelligence. The Director, National Security Agency (NSA) is also the commander USCYBERCOM. The NSA is responsible for developing and prescribing cryptographic standards and principles. DOD agencies, such as DIA, National Security Agency, and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, are responsible for ensuring that the respective systems are consistent with the GIG. Coordination with the CIA and FBI is also covered for combating cyber terrorism in the country and internationally. Law Enforcement / Counter Intelligence: Computer Network Defense (CND) takes measures for monitoring, analyzing and responding to the

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 - Essay Example Prohibit deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities (Sec, 2011). The following year the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 was created. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 gives the SEC power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, transfer agents, and clearing agencies as well as the nation's securities self regulatory organizations (SROs) (Sec, 2011). Both these Acts worked as control mechanisms that ensure the market works properly. The consumer of financial instruments needed an agency to properly regulate the market. References Sec.gov (2011). Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Retrieved November 16, 2011 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml#secexact1934. Sec.gov (2011). The Laws that Govern the Securities Industry: Securities Act of 1933. Retrieved November 16, 2011 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml. DQ2 At the beginning of the 21st century after decades of a bull market in which people believed on Wall Street the financi al industry was devastated by a series of financial scandals including Adelphia, Tyco, WorldCom and the infamous Enron debacle. The U.S. Congress acted quickly in relative terms and by 2002 they formulated a new legislation called the Sarbanes and Oxley Act (SOX). SOX had a very positive impact on the market because it was effective at raising the confidence of the consumers of financial instruments. ... Corrupt executive managers including CEOs, Controllers, and CFO now face up to 25 years in prison for their crimes. White collar criminals are going to be judged as severely as hard core criminals such as murders, thieves, and drug dealers. One of the cons of the Sarbanes Oxley Act is that it costs several million dollars to implement the regulations. Public companies have been complaining for years about the excessive costs of implementation of the Act. 3. I like your perspective about the importance of the Securities Act of 1933 and 1934. I personally believed that these acts came after the government realized that the market crash on 1929 needed to be prevented from occurring again. It took 58 years for another market crash of similar magnitude to occur. In 1987 Wall Street was devastated by its biggest one day down in value since Black Tuesday. The government always seems to react to news affecting the market. In 2002 the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created based on a reaction to a se ries of economic scandals including Enron and WorldCom. 4. You are correct in your asseveration that War Times influence the marketplace. This many be true, but if you think about history is repeating itself. The United States has been at war with Iraq and Afghanistan for nearly a decade with no end in sight. The recession of 2008 occur while the U.S was at war. The U.S. is spending over $100 billion each year in war, while its citizens are suffering in a horrible economy where nearly 1 out of 10 people are unemployed. 5. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was created as a direct consequence of Enron and a series of other financial scandals including WorldCom, Tyco, and Adelphia. It is my opinion that despite the high cost of implementation the Sarbanes

Critical Theory in Sociology

Critical Theory in Sociology The critical theory is a social theory, which is known to criticise and trying to change society as a whole. The traditional theory only described and explained society. Theorists such as Max Horkheimer, T.W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Lowenthal and Reich Fromm, were the main theorists who took part in the Frankfurt School, In Germany in the late 1920s at the institute fur Sozialforschung. The Frankfurts schools theory of society is very negative about how society runs, reasons for this is the increase in capitalism, and that societies social structure has been separated, (Swingewood 200, p. 130). Throughout the essay, there shall be more information about the Frankfurt school, and what they believed and wanted to change in society, also more information about what is critical theory and what it is critical of in society, also more information about the traditional theory. The work of Frankfurt school become very influential in the social sciences in the 1960s. Culture industry wor ked to put together the role of social struggles in the production and reproduction of society. Culture industry worked like an apparatus which brought together individuals and got them doing and thinking the same. The critical theory may be defined as a theory of setting humans free of human enslavement, and manipulation. Both Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno argued that critical theory is the theory of human emancipation based on free capitalist society, the bourgeoisies controlled the working class through manipulation of interests of politics, media, culture etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as a silent dominant force. The critical theory argues that there are various types of manipulation, such as; Ideological, this consists of justifying decisions made by enforcing ones thoughts onto another, secondly, Cultural, this consists of the attempt to commercialise to maintain the status quo of the working class. Finally the psychological manipulation which means that we are more interested in other peoples life and this is because of the decline of the father figure in many families. Horkheimer argued that a capitalist society can only be changed if it becomes more democratic is it could be that all conditions of social life that are controllable by human beings depend on real consensus in a rational society (Horkheimer 1982, 249-250). Horkheimer argued that the only way in which we could fix problems in society, was by introducing the critical theory. There are four main points for the Critical theory these are; Reflective, this refers to that facts can be revised separately from other things that we may have to learn such as values. Dialectical; this refers to humans understanding of the world changing as the world changes too. Critical; which refers to stating what is wrong with the current society, and coming up with reasonable ideas on how to change it. Immanent critique is the main support for critical theory.(Adorno, 1991) Critical theorists argued that Marx did not foresee some key developments on capitalist society. Especially, centralisation and various mechanisms of ideological, cultural and psychological domination, associated in particular with the development of a commercialised mass media. Critical theorists conclude that the working class was no longer the revolutionary agent foreseen by Marx. The only way in which theorists could change the way society was is by firstly stating what is wrong with the current society, has to identify the actors to change it and finally it has to provide achievable goals for social transformation. Any truly critical theory of society, Has as its object human beings as producers of their own historical form of life (Horkheimer, 1992, 21). Critical theorists have argued that humans need to become more aware of how science and other type of facts and knowledge work together in creating oppression.Critical theory identifies facts and everyday life as the foundation for human beings, in waiting that people will realise the power and their influences on their lives and be able to overcome them. Fredrick Taylor introduced science in the 19th century, Henry Ford among many other people was influenced by Fredrick Taylor by his ideas on how to improve and raise production. By being influenced by Fredrick, Henry Ford creating an assembly line. By doing this Ford was able to reduce hours and save money, at the same time produce more. This idea became very popular, companies were able to produce much more with less work due to the right machinery. Instrumental reason refers to the opening up of reliable modes of organisations, the critical theory criticises the instrumental reason. The reason which why critical theory is critical of instrumental reason is because it raises action, which means this would be a means to an end. The instrumental reason sees individuals as instruments instead of humans this was introduced by positivistic science. As mentioned before, in the concentration camps humans were not seen as humans, but they were seen as objects. (Swingewood, 2000). Another example of this could be the rise in tuition fees in 2010, this change would benefit large institutions, especially the government, however it does not benefit the people who would mostly experience the change of this such as students. Critical theory is also critical of mass culture, mass culture refers to individuals following and believing what the media say. An example of this can be such as girls believe it is always best to be slim. Culture industry refers to anything that gets in the way of freedom. The Frankfurt school gives us useful information about the process of how society changed from traditional culture and modernism in the arts to a mass produced media orientated society. Society has become much more media orientated as technology has become much more advanced, The traditional theory was originally known as the positivism theory, however, Horkheimer labelled the traditional theory. The traditional theory was based more on facts, the more facts we had about everything, the more knowledge we have. The traditional theory did not see people as humans, instead humans were looked at as things for example in the concentration camps individuals who died, were not looked at as humans dying, but a specimen. Unlike the critical theory, the traditional theory only explains how society is in the present time, where as the critical theory looks at society, what is wrong with it and aims to change it. Positivism functions ideologically, this is done by promoting passive behaviour. Habermas argued that a free society should let people communicate freely without anything getting in the way, when people can do so, this would be known as a free society. Positivists ignore the roles of humans in society, they tend to treat society as a natural process. Habermas did not agree with Adorno and Horkheimer views that they can identify what is wrong with society and change it, also change the whole technological interaction with nature (Habermas, 1971). Horkheimer continued to argue that critical theory should focus on society being complete, e.g. how society became how it is in the present time. He argued this could be done by bringing together major social sciences such as geography, economics, sociology, history, science etc (Bohman, 1996). Adorno and Horkheimers book Dialectic of Enlightenment, which is a text about critical theory, which explains what the Frankfurt School considered as the failure of Enlightenment, the book was published in 1944 in New York. It is one of the main core texts about Critical theory. In the book we can see how Enlightenment norms had turned into their opposite, how democracy had produced fascism and reason had produced unreason. In conclusion to the above, we can see that there are many different views on how society runs, and as we can see is whether society is fine the way it is, or what should be changed if its not. The critical theory is obviously critical of society as it is now, The critical theory is mainly critical of how society is in terms of exploitation of humans., especially jobs such as labour work. However, the critical theory can be negatively criticised as it always looks upon society negatively. Horkheimer argued that the a theory can only be critical if it is explanatory, therefore critical theory should successfully explain what is wrong with the current society and what is needed to make it right, (Bohman, 1996). As we can see, there are many factors that affect society, also we can how society brain washes individuals to thinking that they live in an equal society system.

Immigrants :: essays research papers

More Immigrants find roots in U.S. Soil 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the text from the book there are three demographic variables; fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility is the number of children an average woman bears (text pg. 394). Mortality refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population (text pg 394). Finally, migration in the difference between number of people moving in (immigrants) and the number of people moving out (emigrants) per 1,000 poplulation (text pg 394), and the best description of the recent immigration to southwest Michigan is migration. The article â€Å"More Immigrants find roots in U.S. Soil† cites that some reasons for this is the opportunities offered. Since many traditional farmers are getting older and are retiring to warmer climate and the offspring choose careers other than farming, many farm owners are selling their farms to the help. These â€Å"help† are usually minorities. Also with the minorities farming other minority groups chooses their products to purcha se; therefore the groups help each other. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1970 more and more people are choosing to move from the city and suburbs to rural areas. Southwest Michigan is a perfect example of why people are moving to rural areas. With the help of highways and other transportation, movement is easy and quick, right between big cities such as Chicago and Detroit. The low crime rate, the sense of safety and cost of living all make southwest Michigan very inviting to any individual or family. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sociologist William Kandal quoted â€Å"farming may be the rural equivalent of driving a cab.† In many urban cities and suburbs many immigrant find jobs as taxi cab drivers. Now in rural areas many immigrants are finding jobs as farmers and farmers helpers and characterized as the â€Å"rural taxi cab driver.† 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditionally, immigrants had moved to cities first when settling the U.S., this is called urbanization. Urbanization differs from that of the rural rebound of southwest Michigan. Traditionally people moved from the rural areas only when there was a surplus of food and they were not needed to produce food, as opposed to the migration to southwest Michigan, because immigrants are moving there to produce food. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What stands out between the fastest growing and fastest shrinking U.S. Cities is geographic location. Most of the colonial states such as N.Y., PA, CT, RI, are all experiencing shrinking population, while the Western U.S. is experiencing increasing population. The main factors for this is that more and more people are less needful of fertile land to support themselves and there families. Immigrants :: essays research papers More Immigrants find roots in U.S. Soil 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the text from the book there are three demographic variables; fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility is the number of children an average woman bears (text pg. 394). Mortality refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population (text pg 394). Finally, migration in the difference between number of people moving in (immigrants) and the number of people moving out (emigrants) per 1,000 poplulation (text pg 394), and the best description of the recent immigration to southwest Michigan is migration. The article â€Å"More Immigrants find roots in U.S. Soil† cites that some reasons for this is the opportunities offered. Since many traditional farmers are getting older and are retiring to warmer climate and the offspring choose careers other than farming, many farm owners are selling their farms to the help. These â€Å"help† are usually minorities. Also with the minorities farming other minority groups chooses their products to purcha se; therefore the groups help each other. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1970 more and more people are choosing to move from the city and suburbs to rural areas. Southwest Michigan is a perfect example of why people are moving to rural areas. With the help of highways and other transportation, movement is easy and quick, right between big cities such as Chicago and Detroit. The low crime rate, the sense of safety and cost of living all make southwest Michigan very inviting to any individual or family. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sociologist William Kandal quoted â€Å"farming may be the rural equivalent of driving a cab.† In many urban cities and suburbs many immigrant find jobs as taxi cab drivers. Now in rural areas many immigrants are finding jobs as farmers and farmers helpers and characterized as the â€Å"rural taxi cab driver.† 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditionally, immigrants had moved to cities first when settling the U.S., this is called urbanization. Urbanization differs from that of the rural rebound of southwest Michigan. Traditionally people moved from the rural areas only when there was a surplus of food and they were not needed to produce food, as opposed to the migration to southwest Michigan, because immigrants are moving there to produce food. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What stands out between the fastest growing and fastest shrinking U.S. Cities is geographic location. Most of the colonial states such as N.Y., PA, CT, RI, are all experiencing shrinking population, while the Western U.S. is experiencing increasing population. The main factors for this is that more and more people are less needful of fertile land to support themselves and there families.

Implications of Affirmative Actions on Business

Implications of Affirmative Action on Business ` Affirmative actionprograms, as we know them, are less than 50 years old, and are usually viewedas a series ofpositive steps taken to ensure the representation of minority groups in fields that have traditionallyexcluded them. It protects both racial and ethnic minorities, as well as women, in the areas of education, business, and government. Affirmative action, whichhas its roots in the Constitutional ideal of equal opportunity, is the government’s way of both eliminating inequality and making amends for past discrimination. Sometimes viewed as â€Å"reverse discrimination† for blatantly favoring one group over another, affirmative action programs often differ in the extent to which they attempt to rectify discrimination by either instituting reviews of the hiring process for minority groups or explicitly preferring members of select groups. In many ways, affirmative action has helped women and minority groups obtain and keep positions in either work or school that they would otherwise have been unable to attain. However, since the beginning of affirmative action in the 1960s, these policies have had many implications for businesses—both positive and negative—and have instituted many changes. ` ` President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925 in March of 1961. The order was originally designed with governmentcontractors in mind, and stated thatsaid contractors would â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during their employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. Executive Order 10925 did not advocate special treatment of minority groups, as would later come to pass, but was initially intended to eliminate discrimination from hiring and employment practices. In Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,the government’s position on the policy of affirmative action was solidified, and a new branch of the U. S. Department of Labor was created: the Equal Employment Opportunity Commi ssion (EEOC). The purpose of the EEOC was to serve as a mediator between plaintiffs and private employers who disregarded the tenets ofaffirmative action, and to ensure restitution to the affected. These changes to hiring and employment practices caused many to voice concerns: Should minority groups receive preferential treatment in fields they were previously excluded from? Does this constitute a violation of the principle of equal opportunity in the form of â€Å"reverse discrimination†? ` ` In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 which required government contractors to actually document their efforts to ensure equality in hiring practices, and gave the Secretary of Labor the right to investigate and rectify anyaccusations of discrimination. The government could punish violations of the order by canceling contracts, barring companies from future contracts, and other measures† (Kowalski, 27). In 1967, Johnson’sorder was furtherexpanded by Executive Order 11375 to include women as well as minorities and, in 1968, under the administration of President Nixon, specific goals or â€Å"quotas† for the hiring of women and minoriti es wasinstituted. By 1972, the â€Å"four-fifths rule† was in effect, which â€Å"held that firms contracting with the federal government should not be allowed to hire any race, sex, or ethnic group at a rate below four-fifths that of any other group† (eNotes). The EEOC was also strengthened in 1972 by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. Now, the Commission was able to file class action law suits against corporations in violation of affirmative action policies. The Carter administration, in 1977, initiated the Public Works Employment Act, requiringat least ten percent of federal money given to certain projectsto be allocated toboth minority and women business enterprises. ` ` During the 1980s, affirmative action felt little government support under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Both resisted expansion in government contracting, and court decisions began to negate some affirmative action programs. Universities and businesses were struggling to conform to theguidelines of affirmative action while still maintaining certain standardsof operation. Eventually, many of these programs were either scaled-back or set-aside altogether. In the 1990s, Clinton vowed to â€Å"mend, not end† affirmative action programs. He began to reevaluate the programs of several federal agencies, which some believe had positive results. ` There are many arguments for affirmative action in hiring and employment practices. Historically, almost 90% of all jobs are filled internally, with positions going to relatives and friends of those already employed. Employers often fill these positions with people who are under-qualified, and had the position been advertised properly, the hiring managers may have found a better candidate for the job. Affirmative action has â€Å"encouraged ma ny companies to engage in employment practices that set minimum standards of job definition, recruiting, outreach, and evaluation hat result in choosingthe right person for the job† (Diverse Strategies). These practices also promote diversity. When properly managed, diversity can â€Å"increase creativity and innovation in organizations as well as improve decision making by providing different perspectives on problems† (Judge, 20). Greater diversity in certain fields, such as medicine and law, will increase the aid given to underrepresented groups. ` ` The main focus of affirmative action, however, is to level the playing field and counter both ongoing discrimination as well as bigoted attitudes. Even in this day and age, minorities and women continue to lag behind white Anglo-Saxon protestant men in the business world. Male employees may be promoted over women, because some companies still put women on a â€Å"mommy track† without their consent, and many people publicly lie about how they feel with regards to race. Studies have shown that many people â€Å"found it easier to link women’s names with home-related words than with career-related words† (Kowalski, 45), and test subjects â€Å"are often quicker at linking black faces with negative words than with positive words† (Kowalski, 45). ` With all of these arguments for affirmative action, there are still critics that believe these policies not only perpetuate continued racial tension, but alsolead members of these groups to believe they cannot succeed on their own. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas is quoted saying â€Å"It never ceases to amaze me that the courts are so willing to assume that anything that is predominantly black must be inferior. † Affirmative action is also seen to stigmatize people. Others may assume that someone obtained their position because of affirmative action, and this breeds resentment and anger. People relate to each other as either inside or outside the groups benefiting from affirmative action, and it becomes a â€Å"them versus us† mentality. Managers,who have never done anything wrong, may feel painted with a bigot or chauvinist brush. ` ` Opponents of affirmative action also believe itviolates the idea of a merit system. Choices in hiring, raises, and promotions should benefit the people who worked hard and deserve them. Any hiring decision istheresult of an interview, given bymanagers who already have ideas about the qualities an employee should have, and as such, should be based on the skills and education the candidate brings to the table. Managers feel constrained by words such as â€Å"quota† and â€Å"preferential treatment† when it comes to hiring decisions, and developa negative outlook on the idea of affirmative action. ` ` Not only do managers find it interferes with hiring decisions, many businessesalso feel that affirmative action is a burdensome procedure. Scores of businesses protested â€Å"they were wasting too much time on paperwork and spending too much money defending themselves against discrimination charges† (Anderson, 167). During the Reagan years, research into the cost of affirmative action policies for businessesestimated that â€Å"a contract compliance review cost a contractor over $20,000, and that such appraisals were costing the Fortune 500companies $1 billion annually† (Anderson, 167;that estimate has only grown. ` Another issue is that some employees, or potential employees, now use affirmative action as a form of revenge if they feel they have been slighted in some way, such as by not being hired or notreceivinga promotion. It is very difficult to prove that someone was discriminated against based on their race or gender, but the case can still take many court hours and much money. Because of this, many businesses are more likely to settle out of court, rather than tie up thousands of dollars in court fees. This ends with the company taking a financial hit and the angry employee with a settlement. ` ` Since the introduction of affirmative action in the 1960s, affirmative action has had many implications for businesses. Businesses now have to fill certain quotas based on how many people they have working for them, they are subject to reviews of their policies and procedures,and businesses owned by minorities and females are given special privileges and loans that are not offered to others. Businesses arealso responsible for the financial burdens placedon them as a result of affirmative action. Many employees feelthat affirmative action is â€Å"reverse discrimination†,because hiring managers are openly favoring one group over another based on their race or gender,and many believe affirmative actioncontinues to perpetuate racial tension. ` ` With all of these issues, it’s no wonder that some peoplehave negative feelings and attitudes toward affirmative action. They feel that jobs should be given to the people that most deserve them, and that raises and promotions shouldbeawarded basedon the merit system. It is impossible for businesses to operate fairly to all within the guidelines of affirmative action since, by definition,it requires businesses to base their hiring standards on what the government requires rather than ontheir business needs. Hiringthe best possible candidate for a job, no matter what race or gender, should be the main goal when making hiring decisions, and not what minority group may be underrepresented in your company. As long as affirmative action is law, businesses will have to finda way to meet its requirements or face harsh fines and lawsuits, and while there are many compelling arguments against affirmative action, its policies will not be changed any time soon. ` Works Cited â€Å"Encyclopedia of Small Business/ Affirmative Action†. eNotes. com. April 8, 2009 http://www. enotes. com/small-business-encyclopedia/affirmative-action. com. Anderson, Terry H. . The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2004. Coulter, Ann. How to Talk to a Liberal (If You Must). New York, NY: Crown Forum, 2004. Grapes, Bryan J. . Affirmative Action. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 2000. Judge Timothy A. , and Robbins, Stephen P.. Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2009. Kowalski, Kathiann M. . Open for Debate: Affirmative Action. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2007. Skrentny, John D.. The Minority Rights Revolution. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002. Tong, Clifford M.. â€Å"Diverse Strategies†. Diverse Strategies Incorporated. April 8, 2009 http://www. diversestrategies. com/Affirmative_action. htm.